1. Matrix Biology
The Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is the extracellular part of animal tissue that usually provides structural support to the cells in addition to performing various other important functions. The extracellular matrix is the defining feature of connective tissue in animals.
Extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces) . Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.
Role and importance
Due to its diverse nature and composition, the ECM can serve many functions, such as providing support and anchorage for cells, segregating tissues from one another, and regulating intercellular communication. The ECM regulates a cell's dynamic behavior. In addition, it sequesters a wide range of cellular growth factors, and acts as a local depot for them. Changes in physiological conditions can trigger protease activities that cause local release of such depots. This allows the rapid and local growth factor-mediated activation of cellular functions, without de novo synthesis.
Components of connective tissue.
Actually, the system is much more complex than as shown in the picture, with many additional structural and functional components. This is not the time or place to focus on those elements but two additional macroscopic points will be made.
First, the living matrix is a single compartment from the top of the head to the tip of the toes, reaching into every nook and cranny of the body and extending into every cell -- even the nucleus and genetic material of every cell. The matrix extends and generally runs parallel to just below the outer surface of the body. In addition, the matrix actually projects to the outer surface of the skin at many locations around the body (Heine cylinders). These point locations are windows into the living matrix accessible for specific assessment and treatment purposes.